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Spasticity after spinal cord injury is common, yet often difficult to understand. For many people, it appears unexpectedly as sudden muscle tightness, involuntary movements, or persistent stiffness that interferes with everyday activities. These changes can be confusing, especially when they occur in parts of the body with little or no voluntary movement.
During palliative care, changes in a patient’s urination and urinary incontinence may be caused by the underlying disease or a consequence of comorbid conditions. In some cases, symptoms worsen gradually, while in others they may occur quite suddenly, creating additional stress for the patient and family.
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a condition in which the functioning of brain structures changes. Autonomic control centres affected by MSA are responsible for coordinating and regulating automatic processes. Symptoms can manifest themselves in different ways and gradually change a person's daily functioning, which is why MSA often requires close monitoring by healthcare professionals.
While most people are familiar with types 1 and 2 of the condition, not everyone has heard of type 3. Scientists introduced this term relatively recently and often use it to talk about brain function, memory, and various cognitive processes. Type 3 diabetes can develop quite imperceptibly, with a person experiencing multiple changes ranging from impaired thinking and concentration to decreased mood and energy levels. Over time, physical symptoms may also appear, such as urinary incontinence or problems with bladder control.
Overactive Bladder (OAB) is a condition that causes sudden urges to urinate, frequent urination during the day, waking up at night to urinate (nocturia), and sometimes leakage (urge incontinence). OAB affects a large number of men—about 36% over the age of 40, according to European studies. The symptoms of OAB can worsen with age and significantly reduce quality of life by interfering with sleep, social activities, and daily routines.
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a distinct form of diabetes that exhibits autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, similar to type 1 diabetes (T1D), but with a slower progression and adult onset. Unlike T1D, LADA patients are typically not insulin-dependent at diagnosis and may initially be misclassified as having type 2 diabetes (T2D) due to overlapping metabolic features.
Urinary incontinence (UI)—the involuntary leakage of urine—is a distressing and often underreported condition that significantly impairs quality of life in men. Among individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)—a chronic metabolic disorder primarily affecting adults—UI is emerging as a prevalent yet frequently underdiagnosed complication. While clinical focus in T2DM has traditionally centered on neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and glycemic control, its impact on lower urinary tract function has remained relatively overlooked.
Urinary incontinence (UI), defined as the involuntary loss of urine, affects a significant number of men, with prevalence ranging from 11% in those aged 60–64 to over 30% in older age groups. Despite its high impact on quality of life, only a minority of men seek treatment, and many report persistent frustration with leakage despite intervention.¹ Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), a chronic autoimmune condition primarily affecting younger individuals, has been increasingly linked to urologic complications such as UI.
Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary leakage of urine, and while it’s often associated with aging, it is not a normal or inevitable part of growing older. In men, it can result from prostate problems, nerve damage, or bladder muscle dysfunction—but what many don’t realize is that certain medications can also cause or worsen UI.
